晋中地区宋金时期木构建筑技术研究——以构件的形制、选材、制作加工方式为线索

Timber component is basic unit of a wooden building, and a wooden building is assembled by several kinds of components following some special order. However, the design and processing methods of timber component have not been taken much attention by scholars recent years. This research focuses on timber components in wooden buildings, which are located in central district of Shanxi province during the Song and Jin Dynasties (10-12th century). To explore the design and processing methods is the main objective of the research, and the author tries to take shape and size, timber species and processing methods of timber components for Clues. Chronological study is the first step which aims at finding out the years of initial construction and restoration for typical wooden buildings. Therefore, the author can choose several kinds of typical timber components for the following analysis, which belong to different time periods. Typological method will be used to discuss the evolution process of several typical components, and the pursuant factors for typological analysis are shape, measurement, and tenon-and-mortise work. Measurement analysis will be used to discuss the evolution of the components’ size. Based on the above conclusion, the author can not only find out the cause of evolution process, but also can cognize the design method and intention by ancient craftsmen. Timber species analysis is the second step, and the author try to identify several frequently-used timber species for wooden buildings in central district of Shanxi province during 10-12th century. Furthermore, wood properties are influence factors for component processing, and different timber species are used to make different kinds of components. Analysis based on survey of texture and trace on component’s surface is the third step. The texture and trace are used as evidence to reveal the local timber processing methods, which are very different from nowadays. This research is an experimental work to find new theory and method for exploring ancient timber structural techniques.

关于木构件的形制与技术分析，是深入研究传统木构建筑的基本途径，目前在唐宋时期木构建筑研究中还较为缺乏。本研究选取晋中地区宋金时期木构建筑为研究案例，对构件的形制特征、材种选择、制作加工方式的关联性问题展开研究。在宋金时期木构建筑形制演变的背景下，深入剖析木构技术的地域特征与演变特点。在对重要遗构的精细测绘与实物年代层次分析的基础上，提取出年代可靠的构件作为研究样本。进而从样式、尺寸、榫卯作法方面考察构件的形制特征，分析构件、构件组合方式的类型与历时性变化，探究造成变化的原因；通过对斗、栱构件的尺寸构成分析，还原设计原则和方法；调查晋中地区木构建筑常用木材材种，明晰各种构件、结构层选用材种的特点，探究材种变化对构件制作的影响；以木构件表面各种材质肌理、痕迹为线索，对斗、栱、梁栿等构件的制作加工方式进行复原。本研究力求拓展木构建筑研究的新方法，使研究对象、问题趋向精细化，研究结论趋向精确化。

关于木构件的形制与技术分析，是深入研究传统木构建筑的基本途径，目前在唐宋时期木构建筑研究中还较为缺乏。本研究选取晋中地区宋金时期木构建筑为研究案例，对构件的形制特征、材种选择、制作加工方式的关联性问题展开研究。在宋金时期木构建筑形制演变的背景下，深入剖析木构技术的地域特征与演变特点。在对重要遗构的精细测绘与实物年代层次分析的基础上，提取出年代可靠的构件作为研究样本。进而从样式、尺寸、榫卯作法方面考察构件的形制特征，分析构件、构件组合方式的类型与历时性变化，探究造成变化的原因；通过对斗、栱构件的尺寸构成分析，还原设计原则和方法；调查晋中地区木构建筑常用木材材种，明晰各种构件、结构层选用材种的特点，探究材种变化对构件制作的影响；以木构件表面各种材质肌理、痕迹为线索，对斗、栱、梁栿等构件的制作加工方式进行复原。本研究力求拓展木构建筑研究的新方法，使研究对象、问题趋向精细化，研究结论趋向精确化。