电动汽车驱动与制动一体化混合能量源系统研究

Energy density, power density and cycle life are three major indicators which are used to evaluate the power source system. At present, a single energy storage system cannot reach the satisfactory performance of all the three above. At the same time, the working characteristic of starting and braking of the different types of motor and driving system often have significant differences. Then, their requirements of output characteristics of the energy storage also have obvious difference. At present, unfortunately, the academic field has not seen a deep enough exploration into this trend. In view of this, a hybrid power source system is proposed in this project. The proposed system has realized the high energy density, high power density, long cycle life, and the combination of effective security. The system balances the needs of the driving and braking of electric vehicles. It can optimal match with different types of motor and its drive system. The design of new power electronic interface circuit topology which is used to connect each energy storage unit and its working mechanism are the core of hybrid power source system. And then, the rules of the optimal proportion of the energy storage unit are explored. The proposed hybrid power source system has flexible output characteristic. After thorough analysis of the operating characteristics of different types of motor and driving system, further research of the optimization method of the power management strategy of hybrid energy source system is carried out. Then, optimized matching method with different types of motor and driving system is realized. The research of this project will provide the theory basis and technology support for the popularization and application of the hybrid energy source system in electric vehicles.

当前，单一储能源系统无法在能量密度、功率密度和循环使用寿命三方面同时达到满意的性能。储能源的实际输出特性并非理想化，不同类型电机及驱动系统，启动和制动环节的工作特性往往有着显著区别，针对两系统的匹配尚缺乏相关研究。鉴于此，本项目提出了一种混合能量源系统组成方案，该系统实现了高能量密度、高功率密度、长循环寿命和高效安全的有机结合，并兼顾电动汽车驱动和制动的需求，能够与不同类型的电机及其驱动系统进行最优匹配。混合能量源系统组成方案的核心是全新设计连接各储能单元的电力电子接口电路拓扑结构及其工作机制和探索各储能单元的优化配比法则。所提出的混合能量源系统有着灵活的输出特性，在深入分析不同类型电机及驱动系统的工作特性后，进一步研究混合能量源系统能量与功率管理策略的优化方法，从而实现与不同类型的电机及驱动系统优化匹配。本项目的研究，将为混合能量源系统在电动汽车中的推广应用提供理论基础和技术支持。

电池技术直接制约了电动汽车的发展，当电池的体积能量密度较之汽油体积能量密度仍然有很大的差距时，如何提高现有技术水平下车载能量源的储能能力非常关键。储能能力综合来看最关键的三个因素是能量密度、功率密度和循环寿命，鉴于此，将能量密度较高、功率密度一般，循环寿命比较薄弱的动力电池与功率密度、循环寿命突出的超级电容组成混合储能系统是一个优良的选择。混合储能系统因为涉及到两个储能源，必然需要研究两个储能源之间的组合关系、能量和功率的管理分配策略、以及该混合储能源与电驱动系统的优化匹配策略。本项目在进行过程中，研究了混合储能系统的电力电子接口电路，提出了一种新型的拓扑结构，并针对该新型接口电路，结合动力电池和超级电容的不同特性，设计了优化的控制策略和工作机制；进一步分析发现混合储能系统为一MIMO系统，能量的管理和分配为一非线性过程，因此针对性地提出了混合能量源系统的非线性控制策略和多目标优化策略，采用统一协调控制理论、李亚普若夫函数和小波分析提出了能量管理策略及其具体实现方法；针对电动汽车行驶工况的特点，提炼出电驱动系统多处于动态过程，结合偏差解耦和模型预测控制，提出了电驱动系统的动态控制策略，提升了电驱动系统在动态过程中的工作效率；基于功率平衡的原则，系统地研究了混合储能系统和电驱动系统的优化匹配问题，考虑了各个参变量的影响，得出了一般化的结论。本项目的研究获得了用于混合储能系统的新型电力电子接口电路以及该电路的控制策略，获得了混合储能源系统的能量管理策略和具体实现方案，获得了提高动态过程中电驱动系统高效控制的策略，建立了混合储能系统和电驱动系统的统一模型，提出了优化的控制策略。本项目的实施为混合储能系统在电动汽车中的应用打下了坚实的理论基础，有着显著的实际工程应用价值。