尾矿坝稳定性评价与安全监控基础性研究

This research project is focus on key scientific problems and fatal technology problems of the stability and safety monitoring of tailings dams. Firstly, basing on lots of mechanics experiments, the static characteristics and dynamic characteristics of tailings materials are studied systematically. Then，the failure mechanism and influencing factors of tailings dams are analyzed deeply. The stability analysis model of tailings dams, which takes multi-factor impact into considered, is built and the comprehensive evaluation method for the stability of tailings dams is proposed. Thirdly, through lots of dam-break model experiments in site and laboratory, the failure mechanism of tailings dams is revealed, the discriminant model and criterion of dam-break is established, and the health diagnosis system which takes multi-factor impact into considered is also created. Fourth, the monitoring system of tailings dams is optimized, and the effective network system, which can be use to collect, transport and analyze the settlement, pore water pressure and phreatic line of tailings dams in time, is developed. Finally, The permeability, sedimentary regularity and excess pore water pressure predicting model of tailings dams is studied. In order to effectively control the stability, an construction technique of tailings dams is also researched. After above-mentioned work is finished, the safe construction technology of tailings dams, which is based on on-line security and stability diagnosis data, is formed to guarantee their safety. The research results can provide the scientific evidence for the stability and safety monitoring of tailings dams and promote the sustainable development of the metal mines industry in China.

本项目紧紧围绕尾矿坝稳定及安全监控的关键科学问题及重大技术难题开展研究工作。其主要研究内容为：通过大量室内尾矿材料的力学实验与渗透测试分析，系统性研究尾矿材料的静、动力学特性与渗透规律，研究坝体超静孔隙水压力的形成机理，建立考虑多因素影响下的尾矿坝稳定性分析模型及综合评价方法；并通过现场实验及室内溃坝模型实验，研究尾矿坝失稳触发机理，建立溃坝触发判别模型及判别准则；研究尾矿坝现场监测布置的优化方法，开发一套高效的坝体沉降、孔压、浸润线等参数的实时采集、传输与分析网络系统，构建多因素影响下尾矿坝稳定性的健康诊断平台；开展尾矿渗透性、沉积规律及坝体超静孔隙水压力预测模型的研究，研发有效控制尾矿坝稳定性的筑坝技术，形成一套基于坝体在线健康诊断结果的尾矿坝的安全筑坝工艺，达到调控尾矿坝安全的目的。项目研究成果将为实现尾矿坝的稳定性预警与防控提供关键技术和理论依据，推动我国矿山行业的可持续发展。

尾矿坝是一个具有高势能的人造泥石流危险源，其安全是矿山工程的生命线。针对我国尾矿库数量多、安全度底、尾矿粒度细以及尾矿库技术力量薄弱等特点，本项目以江西德兴铜矿等矿山尾矿坝为研究对象，采用室内实验、室内物理模型实验、现场监测、数值模拟及理论分析等相结合的综合性方法，开展尾矿坝稳定性与安全监控的基础性研究。通过室内试验和数值模拟研究多因素影响下的尾矿材料静力力学特性，建立了高压力作用下尾矿的抗剪强度幂指数模型，形成了高压下尾矿材料颗粒破碎的模拟方法，建立了考虑干密度影响的尾矿材料土水特征曲线模型；建立了循环荷载下尾矿的孔隙水压力双S型模型，提出了尾矿材料液化的判别方法；基于改进响应面法提出了尾矿坝可靠度分析方法，基于一维固结及小变形假定提出了尾矿坝超静孔隙水压力的预测方法，分析了细粒粒径、高应力、非饱和、降雨等因素作用下的尾矿坝稳定性，形成了尾矿坝综合稳定性评价方法。基于突变理论提出了尾矿坝的失稳破坏描述模型，分析了尾矿坝溃坝启动条件；开展了大尺度的尾矿坝室内物理模型试验，揭示了降雨条件下尾矿坝漫顶溃坝的力学机制，建立了尾矿坝漫顶溃坝过程的数学物理模型；给出了尾矿坝的安全等级划分标准，针对尾矿库灾害的特征研发了尾矿坝安全健康诊断及预警平台；基于现场实验数据建立了尾矿坝颗粒沉积的预测模型，揭示了尾矿坝的排渗淤堵机理，研发了化学淤堵防治技术，提出了“多点集中放矿-废石格网尾矿联合筑坝法”的新型筑坝方法，从而为建立有效的尾矿坝稳定性与监控体系、实现从“被动救灾”向“主动防灾”的转变提供坚实的技术基础。.项目成果已发表论文70余篇，出版专著2部，授权与申请发明专利15项，其中授权发明专利11项，申请受理发明专利4项，参编相关规范2项（草案），培养博士研究生4名、硕士研究生9名。