景观变化与人为干扰对贵州草海越冬黑颈鹤栖息地选择的影响

The overwintering period is very important to population dynamics of migrating birds, and especially the high-quality habitat in overwintering site is critical to the survival of migrating bird’s populations. Wetland Caohai in Guizhou is the biggest overwintering site for Black-necked Crane (Grus nigricollis) around the world, but results from the conflicts between birds and human for space utilization, the habitats (mainly including the foraging site and roosting site) have always been disturbing by human activities. In the past 15 years, the landscape of wetland has been changed sharply, and the human disturbance become more and more stronger as well, furthermore, now the water level has been planned to be rise to 2173m by government, all of these will strongly influence the distributions of foraging and roosting sites of Black-necked Crane and its overwintering behaviors. Therefore, we propose to build the model of habitat selection and simulate the water level raising by means of analyzing the historic and present habitat use of Black-necked Crane, using the 3S technology and habitat selection methods. And, then the influences of water level raising and landscape change on Black-necked Crane will be evaluated and predicted, and the impacts of human disturbance on Black-necked Crane and its response will be explored as well, so the behavioral change and adaptation threshold value will be concluded under the pressure of landscape change and human disturbance. This research will enrich the behavioral ecology of cranes and promote the Black-necked Crane’s conservation management in plateau wetlands in southwestern China.

越冬期是影响迁徙鸟类种群动态的关键时期，而越冬栖息地质量对越冬种群存活起着至关重要的作用。贵州草海湿地是黑颈鹤最大的越冬栖息地，由于人鸟争地矛盾突出，草海越冬黑颈鹤的觅食地与夜宿地一直受到强烈干扰。过年15年贵州草海湿地景观格局变化与人为活动剧烈，而未来几年内草海水位将人为抬升至2173m，可能会极大影响黑颈鹤觅食地和夜宿地分布。为此，本项目基于3S技术和生境选择方法，结合对草海黑颈鹤历史与当前栖息地利用动态，通过构建生境选择模型和水淹模拟分析，评价和预测水位抬升与景观变化对黑颈鹤栖息地选择造成的影响，同时探索强烈人为干扰对黑颈鹤觅食与夜宿行为的影响及其适应性，以分析景观变化与人为干扰双重压力下黑颈鹤的行为变化与适应阈值，并提出保护管理对策。项目有助于丰富鹤类行为学理论及为促进西南高原湿地黑颈鹤保育管理提供科学支撑。

越冬期是影响迁徙鸟类种群动态的关键时期，而越冬栖息地质量对越冬种群存活起着至关重要的作用。贵州草海湿地是黑颈鹤最大的越冬栖息地，由于湿地毗邻县城，人鸟争地矛盾突出，草海越冬黑颈鹤的觅食地与夜宿地一直受到强烈干扰，尤其是过年20年贵州草海湿地景观格局变化与人为活动剧烈，而未来几年内管理部门规划草海水位将抬升至2173m，因此，开展景观格局变化和人为强烈干扰下的黑颈鹤越冬行为生态研究具有十分重要的理论和现实意义。为此，本项目基于3S技术和生境选择方法，结合多年数据和研究期野外调查，开展了草海黑颈鹤的越冬生境选择及其种群数量历史变化动态、水位抬升对越冬黑颈鹤栖息生境选择的影响，以及人为活动干扰对黑颈鹤越冬行为的影响及其适应性研究，通过本研究，全面厘清了草海黑颈鹤40余年来的种群动态和栖息地变化趋势，准确揭示了草海越冬黑颈鹤的觅食地和夜栖地生境选择规律，科学分析和预测了草海湿地的景观格局的历史动态与未来变化，创新性地揭示了黑颈鹤的涉水深度偏好和水位抬升对于黑颈鹤栖息地的影响，科学模拟了水位抬升对黑颈鹤越冬栖息地的影响，为政府决策提供有力科学依据，准确描述了人为干扰下的黑颈鹤栖息行为响应规律并具体指导栖息地管理，为保护管理部门开展生境改良提供了详细科学支撑。项目成果有助于丰富鹤类行为学理论及为促进西南高原湿地黑颈鹤保育管理。目前草海湿地生态系统仍处于强烈退化状态，生态问题严重，建议进一步加强越冬水鸟和湿地生态系统平稳的系统性研究。项目为草海湿地管理部门提供科学决策咨询报告1份，培养硕士研究生4名，发表论文11篇（其中SCI/EI 9篇），达到项目原定计划指标任务。