西昆仑山奥依塔克地区地衣物种多样性及分布格局

Lichens are special fungi that have a mutalistic symbiosis with some algae or cyanobacteria. As a self-contained miniature ecosystem, mutualistic organisim, pioneer of primary seccession, lichens are part of biodiversity on the nature . And also lichens are useful bioindicater of evaluating the ecosystem stability. Montane forests from Oytag region in the end of North part of West Kunlun Mts. had been sufferred serious deforestation, causing to deterioration of ecosystem. As a result the biodiversity have been threatend in this region.The resource investigation results showed that it have abundant lichen resources. Until recently lichen species diversity and its distribution pattern of Oytag region have never been reserched.Therefore, it is urgently needed to study lichen species divesity and distribution pattern. In this project, we want to study the lichen resources by collecting lichen specimens from sample plots in different vegetation vertical belts in Oytag region and applying the morphology, anatomy, chemistry, ecology, biogeography and molecular biology by using the fragment genes, such as nrDNA ITS, and also find out number of each taxnomic unit such as lichen order, family, genus and species. Meanwhile, study on lichen species richness, diversity index and explain community organization and distribution pattern of lichens in this region. Studying the current situation of lichen resources and distribution will provide a reference materials and scientific evidences for understanding of biodiversity status, protecting and exploiting of natural resouces,as well as sustainable development of grassing and tourism.

地衣是与一些藻类或蓝细菌互惠共生的特殊真菌。作为子给微型生态系统、共生生物和原始演替的先锋生物的地衣是自然界生物多样性的组成部分，衡量生态系统稳定性的主要生物指标。西昆仑山奥依塔克区属于干旱生态环境，该区山地森林曾遭受严重砍伐而导致其生态系统的自然退化，从而该区生物多样性遭受威胁。对该区地衣资源调查结果显示，它具有丰富的地衣资源。迄今该地区的地衣物种多样性和分布格局方面尚缺研究。本项目拟通过从奥依塔克区不同植被带的样方内采集地衣标本，采用形态-解剖学、化学、生物地理学、生态学和分子生物学等方法对地衣资源进行研究，并澄清该地区地衣目、科、属和种等各分类单元的数目。同时对该地区地衣物种多度、多样性指数进行研究，揭示该地区地衣群落结构及分布规律。研究奥依塔克区地衣资源现状及分布，为了解奥依塔克地区生物多样性的现状及其保护利用,为西昆仑山放牧和旅游可持续发展提供参考资料和科学依据。

西昆仑山奥依塔克区属于干旱生态系统，地质特征隶属于西昆仑造山与塔里木板块交接部。山地植被分异明显，山地草原和山地荒漠是主要植被垂直带。山地森林20世纪50年代后遭受大量砍伐其生态系统严重自然退化。并且气候变得更干旱，土壤中的盐含量增多，表现出极端干旱气候特征。在这种极端干旱的气候和贫瘠多盐的土壤表面有丰富的壳状和叶状地衣。.西昆仑山的奥依塔克森林公园为中心在博斯坦特热克、慕士塔格的等周围区海拔1865m-4100范围的荒漠、山地荒漠、山地森林和冰川等不同植被垂直带中采集了800地衣标本。.根据所收集到的文献资料所提供的信息，利用形态-解剖学、地衣化学、区系生态学等方法研究了地衣的表性特征，并在目、科、属、种等不同分类水平上进行初步研究。从国内外标本馆借阅模式标本和相关标本。在极端环境生长的地衣表型特征单一，很多物种难以确定他们的系统地位，因此我们研究区采集的全部黃志衣科地衣ITS，MS204，β-tubulin，LSU及mrSSU等多基因扩增测序，除此之外部分蜈蚣衣科地衣进行ITS区扩增测序。利用相关生物信息学软件来分子系统发育。.对西昆仑山奥依塔克区采集的地衣标本进行综合性分析已鉴定70个种，其中57个已定名，13个种需要待定。它们隶属于9个目，12科28个属。其中新种4个Calogaya biatorina subsp. Asiatica，Calogaya haloxylonis, Calogaya orientalis, Calogaya xinjiangis；中国新记录属1个Oxnerella；中国新记录种3个- Xanthocarpia ferrarii， Variospora dolimiticola， Gyalolechia lenae；新疆新记录种2个Pyrenodesmia diphoydes，Candelariella kansuensis 。.通过野外调查数据，西昆仑山奥依塔克地区土生地衣在山地草原山地荒漠生态系统中形成生物结皮，为防止水土流失，对今后对本地区的生态功能研究上提供第一手材料。西昆仑山奥依塔克区地衣的物种多样性及其分布格局的研究对了解昆仑山甚至中亚地区地衣型真菌的分布和结构提供科学数据，并且补充生物多样性保护各方面具有科学意义。本研究项目负责人和项目组老师们承担的地衣志-黃志衣科和地衣志-微胞衣科编写提供了提供研究依据。