港口运输职能分异及与腹地工业的联动机制

This project aims to probe the relationship between the transport functional differentiation of port and industrial activities (e.g. heavy chemicals) at the level of the hinterland area on various spatial scales. Choosing the case of Chinese ports, we first measure quantitatively the transport functional structure and specialization of ports and analyze how ports are differentiated according to their specialization in terms of transport modes and traffic structure and their evolving regularities since the 1980s. Particularly, we discuss the existence of regional differences from a supply-demand relationship perspective. Furthermore, we describe the development pattern of hinterlands’ industrial structure and supply chain network with a particular focus on heavy chemical industries, and conclude the regularities of their evolution between 1980 and 2014. Then, based the multiple perspectives, we conclude the interactive mode between the functional differentiation of ports and industrial development especially the heavy chemical industries and resources transfer in the hinterland, and reveal their interactive and developing mechanism. In so doing, this project aims to provide novel scientific contribution about the importance of specialization and diversification dynamics in port development, which remains underexplored compared with cities and urban areas. Its results will enrich theoretical system and studying methods that links transport geography, and develop the theoretical paradigm for the integrated research between transport geography and industrial geography, and even corporation geography, while providing policy recommendations about the transport functional optimization of Chinese ports and related heavy chemical industries in the hinterland.

本项目从各种空间尺度，分析港口运输职能分异与腹地工业发展尤其重化企业的联动关系与空间模式。重点以沿海港口为研究对象，量化判别港口运输职能分异的空间特征，总结其演变规律；考察各种专业化运输职能的演变路径，重点基于供需路径考察其区域差异与地域关系；刻画各类腹地工业结构尤其重化企业的发展格局与演变规律，考察其供应链网络及变化与港口作用；从多个视角凝练港口运输职能分异与腹地工业发展尤其重化企业与资源调拨的联动模式，揭示两者之间的联动机制与形成机理。以此，科学认知港口发展的多元化动力机制，丰富交通地理学的理论与方法，探索交通地理与产业地理及企业地理互动融合研究的理论范式，为我国港口运输职能优化与腹地重化企业布局调整提供科学指导。

本项目从全国、区域和单体港口等空间尺度，采用定量方法，判别了港口运输职能结构，考察了与腹地发展尤其重化企业、资源调拨的联动模式与机制。研究发现，港口运输与腹地产业存在互动关系，工业结构与资源禀赋越复杂，港口运输职能结构越综合化，两者互为映照。中国港口呈现日益综合化的发展特征，沿海港口更综合化而内河港口更专业化，北部湾、珠江、长江港群的综合性较高；各港口存在较大的专业化/综合性水平差异，主导货种塑造了港口的专业化水平，“专业化与综合性并存”是中国港口运输职能结构的主体特征，港口规模与运输综合性/专业化之间并未形成明显的线性关系，长江港口与渤海西岸港口的运输职能相似性较高。煤炭、矿石、粮食和矿建材料成为中国港口的一般性运输职能，许多港口为单一或双优势货种，各港口在各类货物运输上形成不同水平的进出港和进出口区位优势。腹地重化企业布局的路径依赖与临港布局及腹地资源枯竭改变了企业供应链和物流链的空间组织网络，促使港口成为企业原燃料输入和腹地资源输出的门户，甚至港口与企业形成空间共生，成为企业的功能区。港口与腹地重化企业形成了临港传送、近港公水联运、远港铁水联运、水水联运和远港水管联运等若干联动模式，并在中国适用于不同的区域。老港区的城市化改造与功能调整促使休闲旅游与社会文化等职能融入到港口职能体系。在各历史时期，影响或决定港口运输职能结构的主导因素有所不同。本项目通过港口与腹地产业的联动关系，考察了港口发展的多元化机制，为我国港口运输职能优化与腹地重化企业布局调整提供科学指导。