基于条纹成像Fizeau干涉仪非相干多普勒激光雷达的膛内弹丸瞬时速度测量技术研究

Velocity measurement of projectiles in the barrel is an important method to study the efficiency of the internal ballistics of propellants, and it is one of the important issues of gun and projectile design. The projectile is covered by the barrel, so the measurement optical path is limited, furthermore, the velocity of the projectile in the barrel changes rapidly, and the dynamic range is wide. Based on this, an interior ballistic projectile velocity measurement method based on Fizeau interferometer (FI) incoherent Doppler lidar fringe-imaging detection technique is proposed. Based on the laser Doppler effect, a Fizeau interferometer is used to design an optical path system suitable for the velocity measurement of the interior ballistic projectile. The image of the FI interference fringe is recorded by the tube streak camera, and the velocity retrieval algorithm is studied and optimized to obtain the curve of the projectile velocity over time. Then the instantaneous speed of the interior ballistic projectile can be obtained. This research is focused on the frequency discrimination performance of fringe-imaging FI including velocity resolution, time resolution, velocity range and velocity measurement error. Then the optimized FI combined with high-speed photographic scanning technique and image processing technique can achieve high time resolution and wide dynamic range measurement. The research results will provide a theoretical basis for the application of Doppler lidar fringe-imaging direct detection technique in the velocity measurement of the interior ballistic projectile. It can also provide new detection methods and technical support for the internal ballistic or even the full ballistic projectile velocity measurement.

测量弹丸在炮管中的运动速度是研究发射药内弹道效率的重要手段，是炮、弹设计所关心的重要问题之一。本项目针对炮管内弹丸速度测量的场地局限性及膛内弹丸速度变化快、动态范围广的特点，提出一种基于Fizeau干涉仪（FI）非相干多普勒激光雷达条纹成像探测技术的膛内弹丸瞬时速度测量方法。基于激光多普勒效应，采用Fizeau干涉仪设计一套适用于膛内弹丸速度测量的光路系统，利用变像管条纹相机记录FI干涉条纹随时间移动的信息，研究并优化速度反演算法得到弹丸速度和时间的对应关系，进而反演出膛内弹丸的瞬时速度。重点研究条纹成像FI的鉴频性能包括速度分辨本领、时间分辨率、测速范围与测速误差等，优化FI并配合高速摄影扫描技术和图像处理技术实现高时间分辨率、宽动态范围的速度测量，为多普勒激光雷达条纹成像直接探测技术在膛内弹丸速度测量中的应用提供理论基础，还可为内弹道甚至全弹道弹丸速度的测试提供新的探测方法和技术支撑。

弹丸在炮管中运动速度的测量对发展内弹道理论，研究新型武器以及对武器进行校验等均有重要的意义。针对炮管内弹丸运动速度高、速度变化快、动态测速范围广的特点，本项目提出一种基于Fizeau干涉仪（FI）条纹图像技术的膛内弹丸速度测量方法。根据弹丸受炮管遮蔽不易探测的特点，设计了一套适用于膛内弹丸速度测量的光路系统。对生成干涉条纹的Fizeau干涉仪的光学性能进行了仿真分析，从而对FI的参数进行优化设计以达到最佳鉴频效果。基于FI透过率响应函数，研究了FI干涉条纹位置移动信息与多普勒频移之间的关系，进而基于光的多普勒效应推导出运动目标速度与条纹移动信息之间的反演公式。在此基础上，采用光学设计软件ZEMAX对基于FI的光学多普勒成像检测系统进行了光学设计和数值仿真，得到了用于反演目标速度的不同波长干涉条纹图样。并对重心法和Voigt函数拟合法两种主要的条纹位移量反演方法进行了对比讨论。结果表明用Voigt函数拟合法反演目标速度的误差较小，验证了系统及速度反演算法的可行性。除此之外，研制了一套经济型膛内弹丸速度测量系统并进行了实弹测试，测得的身管内弹丸速度可为本项目系统的实弹测试提供比对数据。项目的研究成果为膛内弹丸速度的测量提供了一种新的方法及相应的理论研究基础和技术支撑。