在校期间创业学习对大学生创业者机会识别与创业绩效的影响研究

Existing entrepreneurship literatures, especially quantitative studies, seldom discriminate the novice entrepreneurs and the habitual entrepreneurs, and pay less attention to the undergraduate entrepreneurs who as novice entrepreneurs are booming but lack of entrepreneurial expertise. Actually, the failure rate of undergraduate entrepreneurship is remaining obstinately high due to the lack of experience, resource and social network. To address these theoretical and practical questions, the project focuses on the entrepreneurial learning at college as the key determinant of opportunity identification and entrepreneurial performance, proposes a theoretical model from both individual and organizational level as “entrepreneurial learning-opportunity identification-dynamic capabilities-entrepreneurial performance”, and aim to examine the model with quantitative approaches. The research content includes four main parts, firstly, the definition and development of the key construct ‘entrepreneurial learning at college’ and its impact on the entrepreneurial decision of the undergraduate students; secondly, the impact of entrepreneurial learning at college to the undergraduates’ opportunity identification capabilities; thirdly, the impact of entrepreneurial learning at college to the dynamic capabilities of the undergraduates’ ventures; fourthly, the integrated model of the undergraduates’ entrepreneurial performance from opportunity identification and dynamic capabilities perspective. The feature of this project is that, to the best of our knowledge, we are the first study combining antecedents from both the individual level and organizational level to explore how the entrepreneurial learning at college affects the entrepreneurial performance. The potential results of the project will contribute to the literatures of entrepreneurial learning, opportunity identification and dynamic capabilities, thus create practical implications for the success of the undergraduate students’ entrepreneurial learning at college, the survival and development of the undergraduates’ ventures, as well as the policy makers on entrepreneurship education policies and regulations.

从创业理论角度看，当前区分创业新手和创业老手的研究较少，针对大学生这一数量庞大、缺乏创业专长的创业新手的量化研究更少。从实践角度看，大学生创业者缺乏经验、资源和社会网络，创业失败率居高不下。针对上述问题，本课题聚焦大学生在校期间创业学习，探索大学生机会识别能力与创业企业绩效的作用机制，从个体和组织两个层面选择关键因素，构建“在校期间创业学习→机会识别→动态能力→创业绩效”理论模型。内容包括：①大学生在校期间创业学习的概念维度开发及其对创业决策的影响；②大学生在校期间创业学习对机会识别能力的影响；③大学生在校期间创业学习对创业企业动态能力的影响；④大学生创业企业绩效的整合模型。本课题特色是从个体和组织两个层面，探索在校期间创业学习向创业绩效的转化机制。研究结果对创业学习、机会识别和动态能力等领域有理论贡献，对促进大学生在校期间创业学习、提高大学生创业成功率、制定创业教育政策有重要实践意义。

过往相关创业研究很少探索创业之前创业者自身学习经历的决定作用。中国大学生在校学习是其主要经历，成长和能力锻炼主要是在校期间获得，这些学习经历对大学生创业能力提升有无帮助、是否是其选择创业并且取得成功的关键因素、对其创业过程中的关键行为与决策是否有影响等重要问题亟待研究。本研究在一般创业规律研究基础上，针对我国大学生创业的特殊情景，以创业学习、动态能力等理论视角入手，构建了创业学习对大学生创业活动影响的理论框架，并利用实地调研数据、案例分析与追踪。本研究的实证成果拓展了创业学习的相关理论：我们通过高校学生及创新创业园区中创业者的调查数据，检验了创业学习对创业意愿的影响，同时也检验了创业自我效能在创业学习与创业意愿之间的中介作用。研究结果表明，创业学习能够促使个体创业意愿的形成，这一实证结果支撑了认知学习理论中关于间接学习的理论假说；创业自我效能中介了创业学习对创业意愿的正向影响，人们可以通过创业学习增强对创业相关能力的自信，使得个体将创业的想法转化为具体行为，这一成果部分揭示了创业学习成效作用机制的“黑盒”，解释了通过创业学习成效转化为大学生随后创业机会识别及创业绩效的其他路径和机理，弥补此前研究解释力的不足。本课题的结论对以大学生研究样本及其所代表的人群，即有少量社会经验、接受正规教育的人员有较强的实践指导作用。根据研究结果，在实践中，无论是在校的MBA 学员还是在创新创业园区尝试创业的学生，都认为以往与创业相关的经验能够增强自己的创业意愿。课题的研究成果取得了预期的成效，成果包括学术论文、创业案例、教材、在线课程、指数报告等多种形式，对拓展创业学习相关理论，验证创业学习对后继创业行为及绩效的影响，指导中国大学生及青年创业实践等都起到了较好的成效，兼具了学术创新价值和现实操作意义。