西方蜜蜂对云南本地传粉蜜蜂多样性的影响及其生态机制

The western honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) were introduced to most parts of the world as exotic species. Subsequently, apiculture was well developed in local area but adverse effects on native pollinating bees as result of introduced western honeybees by human. Our previous studies showed that the overlap of food niche was higher between western honeybee and A. cerana cerana. Furthermore, there was higher viral infection rate for A. cerana cerana in regions where western honeybee were frequently brought from other apiary. With the improvement of traffic condition, the western honeybee colonies across our country were spring up to Luoping, Yuxi, Chuxiong and Xishaungbanna, where rich in nectariferous plants in Yunnan. However, whether releasing western honeybees periodically were negative still unclear for native bee species. This project was aimed at clarifying the influence of introduced western honeybee on the diversity of native pollinating bees and its ecological mechanism. We will introduce western honeybee to Luoping, Yuxi and Xishaungbanna in the flowering period of major nectar plants to discuss the following problems: 1) the effect of periodically releasing western honeybee and the released density on the species, population and population distribution of native pollinating bees; 2) the variations of species of nectar plants which native pollinating bees visit and foraging behavior of native pollinating bees before and after introducing western honeybee; 3) the changes in the infection rate of infectious disease among native pollinating bees before and after introducing western honeybee by molecular diagnostic techniques. Ecological mechanism of impact of introduced western honeybee on native pollinating bees will be explored from the perspectives of competition for food resources and cross-species infection of infectious disease. Conclusively, we hope our results benefit to be reasonable protection the native bees in Yunnan, and providing a scientific basis of maintaining the plant community structure and stability.

西方蜜蜂作为外来蜂种已被引入全球多数地区，虽促进了当地蜂业发展但也威胁着本土传粉蜜蜂的生存。我们前期研究发现西方蜜蜂与中蜂食物生态位重叠严重，且西方蜜蜂放蜂频次多的地方中蜂病毒病感染率较高。随着交通条件的改善，全国大量西方蜜蜂蜂场开始涌向云南蜜源条件较好的罗平、玉溪、楚雄、西双版纳等地放蜂，但这种周期性放蜂对云南本地丰富蜂种资源的影响尚不清楚。因此本项目拟在云南罗平、玉溪、西双版纳等地主要花期，通过调查和观测研究西方蜜蜂放蜂密度及周期性干扰对本地传粉蜜蜂种类、数量及其分布的影响；比较引入西方蜜蜂前、后云南本地传粉蜜蜂拜访蜜源植物种类及其采集行为的变化；利用分子技术检测引入西方蜜蜂前、后本地传粉蜜蜂感染传染性病害的变化；从食物资源竞争、传染性病害跨种感染的角度阐明西方蜜蜂对云南本地传粉蜜蜂多样性影响的生态机制，为合理保护云南本地传粉蜜蜂物种多样性，维持植物群落结构及其稳定性提供科学依据。

随着交通条件的改善，大量西方蜜蜂（外来蜂种）蜂场开始涌向云南蜜源条件较好的罗平、腾冲等地放蜂，但这种周期性放蜂对云南本地丰富蜂种资源的影响尚不清楚。因此本项目在罗平、腾冲研究了西方蜜蜂放蜂密度及周期性干扰对本地传粉蜜蜂种类、数量及其分布的影响；比较了不同放蜂密度下中蜂拜访蜜源植物种类、采集行为及其感染病毒病情况，阐明了西方蜜蜂对云南本地传粉蜜蜂多样性影响的生态机制。.研究表明，罗平、腾冲本地传粉蜂的群落结构及物种多样性受西方蜜蜂放蜂密度的影响，在放蜂密度（试验点周围3 km范围内蜂群数量）从660~2750群变动范围内，且放蜂密度越大，本地传粉蜂的个体数、物种数、多样性指数和丰富度指数越小；在相同放蜂密度下，山林生境的本地传粉蜂物种多样性均显著高于农田生境。西方蜜蜂放蜂密度对东方蜜蜂采集行为和粉源植物利用均有显著影响，西方蜜蜂放蜂密度越大，东方蜜蜂对油菜访花频率越高，单花采集停留时间越短，对大宗蜜源植物（油菜）花粉的采集量越少，对野生粉源植物花粉的采集量越多，其采集区域由农田向山林转移的趋势越明显。对东、西方蜜蜂和油菜花朵样本分别检测6种蜜蜂病毒，发现在油菜花期本地东方蜜蜂感染了同区域内西方蜜蜂携带的蜜蜂病毒；同时，也发现油菜花朵也携带蜜蜂病毒。这表明西方蜜蜂可能通过花朵间接传播给东方蜜蜂，但是具体的传播途径还需要进一步研究。本项目为进一步研究合理控制西方蜜蜂放蜂密度以保护云南本地传粉蜂种的多样性提供了思路。.通过项目实施，发表学术论文8篇（中文核心期刊论文5篇，农业核心期刊论文3篇）。获国家授权实用新型专利3项，获软件著作权2项，已出版学术译著1部（中国农业出版社）。培养硕士研究生3人（其中1人在读）。项目组成员1人入选云南省“中青年学术和技术带头人后备人才”，1人晋升高一级职称，2人遴选为硕导，1人遴选为博导。举办国内学术会议1次，参加国内外学术会议23人次，学术报告交流10人次。