城市住宅空调环境需求特性及空调行为模式研究

Air conditioner usage behaviour and its relation to energy use within the built environment have become more important in recent years. Regarding to the split air conditioning units in the urban residence in China, the indoor environment control has been delegated to occupants to meet their own needs for indoor thermal environment in summer. In this case, research on air conditioner usage behaviour should start with understanding the nature of environmental requirements of occupants. However, the existing research has not provided the insight of environmental requirement in the aspects of dynamic nature, diversity and individual coordinations, and failed to describe the air conditioner usage patterns in urban residence in China..Taking statistically enough residences in Beijing city as examples, some background surveys on occupants themselves and their attitudes to, and experiences of using air conditioners, and also transverse surveys and longitudinal surveys on indoor environment, thermal comfort and indoor environment control behaviours will be conducted in this research. Using the data collected in these surveys, the purposes of this research are as follows: first, to understand the dynamic nature of occupants' needs for indoor air temperature and humidity in real residences with the variation of indoor and outdoor climates; and second: to explain how individuals' physiological and psychological characteristics influence environmental requirements and evaluate the impacts of these factors, with an emphasis on psychological characteristics; and third, to provide insight into how the diversity of environmental requirements for indoor air temperature, humidity as well as indoor air quality interact with each other and how occupants compromise their individual environmental requirements and discuss the impacts of diversity of environmental requirements and individual difference on air conditioner usage behaviour; and fourth, to establish some representative air conditioner usage patterns according to the characteristics of requirements for air conditioning environment with the variation of indoor and outdoor climates, indoor air quality and household characteristics in urban residences in China..This research will benefit the design of occupant-oriented architectural and environmental control system; and provide important information for reasonable prediction of energy consumption and energy saving policy-making in urban residences in China.

越来越多的研究日益突出了住宅空调行为研究的重要性，此研究的根节点在于从定量角度把握居住者对住宅空调环境的需求特性。由于研究问题的复杂性，现有研究在动态性、多元性以及个体需求差异性等方面，尚没有揭示居住者对中国城市住宅空调环境的真实需求，从而无法完整刻画住宅的空调行为方式。.本项目以北京城市住宅为例，基于现场实测调研数据，围绕住宅夏季的空调开、关行为，系统研究人体对室内热湿环境需求随室内、外环境的动态变化规律，分析并比较人体生理、心理因素对环境需求的影响程度，探讨分析室内温度、湿度及空气品质等多元环境需求的矛盾性以及家庭成员个体环境需求的差异性对空调开、关的影响。从室内、外热湿环境变化、室内空气品质及住户特征等多维的尺度，获得以空调开启和关闭时刻室内温度和湿度表述的住宅空调行为模式。.该研究为建筑环境营造系统面向"以人为本"的设计、住宅空调能耗的合理预测以及空调节能政策的制定奠定理论基础。

针对“城市住宅空调环境需求特性及空调行为模式研究”项目，课题组在住宅夏季非空调自然环境下的人体热适应、空调环境下的人体生理热反应和热评价、住宅建筑空调行为的分析描述及行为模式建立这三个方面开展了大量的现场实测、问卷调查、人工气候室测试以及理论分计算的研究工作，获得了重要成果如下：.1..研究发现了室内温度和湿度对人体热感觉的重要影响，同时指出了这两个环境参数在对人体热感觉的影响上存在明显的交互作用和制约。.2..着眼于空调开启行为，以焓湿图中若干环境状态点作为临界点，反映出了与住宅空调开启行为相关的人体热适应特性，并凸显了人体热适应的个体差异。.3..采用统计学的聚类方法，研究刻画与住宅空调开启行为相关的人体热适应的群体特征，分析得到几种典型的人体热适应特征。.4..提出了“热容忍”的概念，反映了人体对非空调热不舒适室内环境可忍受的时间持续性，指出人体忍受热不舒适环境的可持续时间多为50-90分钟。.5..分析指出了空调环境中人体热感觉及人体皮肤温度随时间的动态变化，研究发现了人体裸露部位中足部、手背及小腿皮肤温度在不同热感觉下的显著差异，强调了上述部位皮肤温度对空调关闭行为的重要影响。.6..探究分析了人体对空调环境可接受时间的概率分布及其与空调环境温度状况的相互关系，发现人体对空调环境可接受时间的概率服从指数分布，指出50%人群对23-25℃空调环境的可接受时间主要为60-96分钟。.7..分析指出了空调行为驱动力的确定（或者空调行为模型中自变量的选择）成为空调行为特性分析描述的关键，研究确定了不同空调开关行为方式下的驱动力。.8..针对空调行为特性描述中驱动力参数数据分组、以及如何通过概率、驱动力离散数据组有效拟合求解的问题，提出了相应的解决思路和方法。.9..认识把握了20位个体空调开关行为的驱动特性，基本完成了空调行为模式的研究。..课题研究对于全面把握居住者对夏季空调环境的真实需求，最终营造出健康合适的室内热湿环境，同时降低不必要的能源消耗，提供了新的研究思路和研究方法。