南方炎热地区民宅附加棚幔被动式防热及建筑化改造研究

In the hot area of south China, including summer hot winter warm area and summer hot winter cold area, there are large number of varied attached shed and drapery belongs to private residence in city and village, they are the addition facilities around the many body of building which the resident set up for preventing the hot climate in summer, such as roof iron sheet shed, roof summer plant shed, sunscreen drapery near roof plate, sunscreen drapery hang on the west window or west wall. It is a kind of plain and useful passive thermal prevention while few people pay attention to it and study it, but it weakening environmental features because of it's rough, clutter in the form and color, it is an unity of opposites. The subject study plan to use the methods of observation, interview, questionnaire, statistics, investigate and classify the attached shed and drapery from place to place; then choose the typical form for testing to show the effect of passive thermal prevention; by analyzing of experiment data, to absorb the real useful experience of thermal prevention. According to this, it will present the design methods of building integration to renovate and optimize the rough material and technology of attached shed and drapery, moreover to combine with the building body. The subject study can improve the ecological technology from folk wisdom, as well as do good to the thermal renovation and building integration design, meanwhile have reference and guiding role to the energy conservation of residence and promote the cities' visual effects in south China.

我国南方炎热地区，包括夏热冬暖及夏热冬冷地区，城乡自建民宅中大量存在着各种附加搭建的棚幔，是居民为抵御夏季炎热气候而依附于建筑主体外二次加建的设施，例如屋顶铁皮棚灰空间、屋顶夏季植物棚、近屋面处水平防晒布幔、悬挂西窗或西墙防晒布幔等。它是一种朴素的、实用的被动式防热技术却鲜有人关注研究，又因其简陋、形式色彩杂乱且为数众多而严重破坏了环境面貌，是矛盾的集合体。课题拟采用观察、访谈、问卷、统计等方法，调研并梳理各地民宅附加棚幔的类型；选取代表性的棚幔类型进行测试，以揭示其被动式防热功效；通过实验数据分析，吸收确实有效的防热经验。在此基础上，进一步提出建筑一体化设计方法以改造附加棚幔简陋的材料及工艺，优化并与建筑主体整合为一体。该课题的研究不仅可提升这种源于民间智慧的生态技术，而且对于单体民宅的防热改造和一体化设计有实际意义，同时对于南方住宅节能和提升城乡风貌都有参考和指导作用。

我国南方炎热地区，自建民宅中大量存在为遮阳防热而附加搭建的各种棚幔，不断在城乡区域蔓延且损坏后居民再次搭建，反映出棚幔具有合理性和有效性。从理性层面探讨附加棚幔的生态价值，了解布局特征、防热性能、与建筑整体化设计策略，研究内容和结果包括如下三点：. 第一，棚幔类型调查统计与特征归纳，由多至少依次为屋顶棚幔、前院棚幔、窗口棚幔、阳台棚幔、西墙棚幔，其中屋顶棚幔显著高于其他类型，占整个区域的比例常不少于50%，个别高达96.6%；各种附加棚幔都具有普遍性和季节性（夏多冬少）特征；随纬度往南，棚幔覆盖率明显高于其他南方地区；以轻质易得材料建造的棚幔由多至少依次为铁皮棚、黑网棚、布幔棚（或阳光棚）、帆布棚、瓜菜棚、木百叶棚、混凝土棚。. 第二，研究不同类型棚幔对室内外热环境的影响，实测各类棚幔的民宅，最主要包括屋顶、前院、窗口棚幔。首先就最大量的屋顶棚进一步研究不同材料的防热效果，分别有铁皮棚、黑网棚、绿藤棚、混凝土棚等，对比包括“空气温、湿度、黑球温度、风速、顶棚表面温度、室内PMV值、屋顶地表温度、室外SET值（WBGT值）”；其中屋顶铁皮棚遮蔽房PMV平均值为2.84，比无遮蔽房低0.3；绿藤棚遮蔽房PMV平均值为2.08，比无遮蔽房低0.84；黑网棚遮蔽房PMV平均值为2.96，比无遮蔽房低0.18。结果证明屋顶棚可优化屋顶灰空间、遮蔽房的热舒适；屋顶铁皮棚、绿藤棚棚对屋顶灰空间和遮蔽房都有显著作用；黑网棚对屋顶灰空间作用不明显，却对遮蔽房有较明显作用；绿藤棚的防热性能远高于铁皮棚和黑网棚。其次，对前院棚、窗口棚（水平遮阳、挂幔遮阳）等进行分析，都体现明显的防热作用。. 第三，研究气候设计范例之构造以归纳棚幔与建筑整体化设计策略，“统一与变化”策略处理混凝土棚幔与建筑主体的关系； “呼应与对比”策略处理金属棚幔与建筑主体的统一；贯通构件策略统合不同的材料与空间。. 研究体现附加棚幔具有防热有效性、被动式的生态意义，根据设计策略整合后形成专业化运用的普适意义。