角倍蚜虫Schlechtendalia chinensis瘿内世代蜜露分解途径及与寄主植物之间互利关系研究

The Chinese gallnut is a plant gall formed in the new leaf buds of the host plant stimulated by an aphid Schlechtendalia chinensis. As an important industrial raw material,the Chinese gallnut was applied widely in chemical,medicincal and food indstry.The life circle of Schlechtendalia chinensis is complex.The aphid need to live on two different host plants in one year.From March to October the aphid lives on the tree caled the first host plant and from October to March lives on the moss called the second host.The aphids in gall formed in the first plant are called gall generations.During gall generations,thousands of aphids Schlechtendalia chinensis live in the inside of one gall,they should excrete large amount of honetdew.Meanwhile micro-organism could grow easily at the condition of honeydew existing which could result in host plant disease.However,our priliminary observation for gall generations has showen that there are only little of honeydew in the inside of gall, there are no microbe contamination and host plant disease. Where goes the honeydew ? The way that the honeydew is decomposed is still unknown now. The main target of this project is to study the possible ways of honeydew decomposition and to explore whether mutualism relationship existed or not beteewn Schlechtendalia chinensis and its host plant. Main research contents of this project will include 5 parts. (1)Research on the construction of gall inside wall: observing the gall inside wall and trying to find whether there are some special construction tissues for absorbing honeydew or not? (2)Research on the microbe groups inside of gall: isolating and culturing micro-organism to make clean whether there are some microbe groups inside the gall to decompose honeydew or not? If there are some microbe groups, to investigate the role which microbe groups play on the relationship bewteen aphids and host plant.(3)Research on the sociality of Schlechtendalia chinensis: to investigate wherther there are soldier aphids specialized for eating and cleaning honeydew in the aphid population Schlechtendalia chinensis.(4)Research on the reason why there are no pollution inside gall: to investigate the micro-ecological environment of gall inside (PH value,antimicrobial substance et al.)and to explore the relation between these enviromental factors and microbes.(5)Research on the relationship between the aphid and host plant: to analyze and explore whether there is a mutualism relationship or not beteewn aphid Schlechtendalia chinensis and its host plant.

五倍子蚜虫刺激寄主植物形成的虫瘿（五倍子）是一种重要化工原料，广泛应用于化工、医药和食品等行业。五倍子蚜虫生活史复杂，在盐肤木等植物上形成虫瘿，称为瘿内世代。在瘿内，生活着成千上万的蚜虫，但观察不到蜜露和污染，大量蜜露哪里去了？可能存在①蚜虫分化出兵蚜取食；②寄主植物形成特化结构吸收；③微生物分解等途径。植物受到蚜虫刺激后没有产生明显的对抗，抵御和杀死蚜虫，反而为蚜虫提供舒适的"房子"（虫瘿），暗示蚜虫与寄主植物之间可能存在某种互利关系。 本项目拟以角倍为对象，研究虫瘿结构、瘿内世代蚜虫行为、瘿内微生物和微生态环境、植物光合作用、保护酶和激素防御动态等，分析瘿内蚜虫蜜露分解和循环途径,了解虫瘿独特结构如何解决蚜虫蜜露代谢和分解。剖析蚜虫与植物形成的虫瘿之间的相互适应规律，探讨蚜虫与寄主植物之间是否存在共生互利关系。结果可为昆虫与植物协同进化提供新的独特列证，为五倍子生产技术提供科学依据。

五倍子是蚜虫刺激寄主植物形成的虫瘿，是一种重要化工原料，广泛应用于化工、医药和食品等行业。倍蚜虫10-4月生活在苔藓上，5-9月生活在盐肤木等植物上并形成虫瘿。本项目主要研究瘿内蚜虫行为学和与寄主之间相互作用关系，取得以下主要结果：. 1. 解析了虫瘿结构与功能：发现虫瘿与寄主植物之间有大量维管束及裂生道相连接，是传输营养的通道。虫瘿外壁有大量绒毛，可阻止其他昆虫取食；虫瘿内壁粗糙，分布有很多孔隙，利于蚜虫附着和吸收蚜虫的代谢产物（蜜露、CO2）。.2.揭示了蚜虫体内共生微生物多样性和变化规律，蚜虫体内有共生微生物975,583个raw reads，一直生活在两种寄主上蚜虫的微生物有10属23个OTUs，苔藓上蚜虫有12个独特OTUs；虫瘿中蚜虫有11个独特的OTUs。这些共生菌提供蚜虫营养、调控蚜虫生殖和调整环境适合度。 .3. 分析了虫瘿内微环境，解释了蚜虫转移寄主的原因。发现虫瘿的微环境与苔藓阴湿环境相似，虫瘿还具有一定调节温度能力。春季倍蚜虫从苔藓转移到树上形成虫瘿是为避免雨季水淹；而秋季虫瘿中蚜虫转移到苔藓上是因为寄主落叶，失去了营养支撑。.4. 发现虫瘿内CO2浓度高于环境8倍（最高16倍），同位素示踪证实，虫瘿内高浓度CO2可转移到虫瘿周边叶片进行光合作用；蚜虫排泄的蜜露被虫瘿吸收，参加了寄主代谢，表明蚜虫与寄主形成互利共生关系。.5.分析寄主防御反应发现，蚜虫攻击后植物生长素、赤霉素、乙烯等激素信号基因表达上调，但虫瘿保护酶SOD, POD, CAT, 丙二醛MDA、脯氨酸等指标无剧烈反应，从寄主植物响应角度验证了互利共生关系。.本研究证实蚜虫与植物之间互利共生关系，为昆虫与植物协同进化提出了新的独特例证，在理论上突破了虫瘿对植物有害的传统认识，在技术上通过提高蚜虫放养量，增加虫瘿产量。成果应用在湖北、贵州和云南等省，建立了2000多亩五倍子基地，增加了农民收入，促进了产业发展。 .发表论文8篇，SCI收录5篇、CSCD收录2篇，接受2篇；申请专利3项（1项授权），发布标准1项。培养研究生4名。