Although they are among the most common vocalizations of group-living animals, contact calls are poorly understood as to their information content and how they are used by group members. As researchers on mixed-species flocks of birds, we have also noticed that leaders of such flocks tend to make many contact calls, and we hypothesize that this behavior is related to their roles as leaders. Here we propose four experiments that probe whether contact calls provide information about predation risk and food resources in single- and mixed-species contexts. First, we experimentally test whether the cessation of contact calls conveys information about predation. Second, we ask whether individuals modify their contact call rates in different group sizes and in environments with varying levels of risk. Third, we ask whether individuals will withhold information by ceasing contact calls when they have discovered food. Fourth, we repeat these experiments in the presence of another species that follows flocks, investigating whether this changes the leaders’ behavior, and whether the followers take advantage of the information they are able to derive from the leaders. Experiments will be conducted in an aviary setting with Japanese White-eyes (Zosterops japonicus) and Grey-cheeked Fulvettas (Alcippe hueti); Rusty-capped Babblers (Stachyris ruficeps) will be used as the heterospecific, as they follow fulvetta flocks. We will also confirm findings in the field, looking at how the number of conspecifics and heterospecifics, and the amount of human disturbance, influence contact call production. Overall, we hope to demonstrate that contact calls form an important form of information about alarms and resources for conspecifics, and that leaders are ‘trapped’ by their need to communicate to their conspecifics into also giving information to followers.
社会性动物中普遍存在着联络叫声,但对其传达的信息以及如何被社群成员利用却知之甚少。在鸟类混合群中,领导种趋向于发出许多的联络叫声。因此,我们将在实验室中设置了4组实验来验证在鸟类单物种群和混合群中联络叫声是否传达天敌威胁和食物资源等信息:1)验证联络叫声的中断能否传达有关捕食的信息;2)验证联络叫声的频率是否因鸟群的大小和被捕食威胁的环境而改变;3)验证鸟类是否在发现食物资源之后中断联络叫声;4)验证领导种是否因跟随种的出现而做出与上述实验不同的反应以及跟随种能否因联络叫声而获利。根据之前研究,在本实验将暗绿绣眼鸟和灰眶雀鹛作为领导种进行实验,红头穗鹛被视为跟随种。同时,我们将在野外进一步验证单物种或混合物种的数量和人为干扰如何影响联络叫声的产生。总之,本项目希望验证领导种联络叫声不仅能为同种个体可以传递重要的信息,如警戒、食物资源等,而且也可以向追随种传递相应的信息。
通讯叫声是群居动物常用的叫声方式,尽管已经明确叫声与动物群体凝聚力存在联系,但对影响动物叫声频率变化的因素,尤其是对鸟类叫声频率的影响因素仍知之甚少。本研究假设鸟类通讯叫声的变化与群体所处的环境有关,具体为:1) 通讯叫声停止意味着群体面临被捕食的风险;2)交流叫声的频率会随着植被密闭度的变化而变化;3)通讯叫声被应用于觅食的过程中。实验选取暗绿绣眼鸟(Zosterops simplex)为对象,分别在鸟舍内及野外进行。我们发现结果与假设相反:首先,在鸟舍内,绣眼鸟被暴露于捕食者模型后讯通叫声仍然继续,而且当中止回放绣眼鸟的通讯叫声时,不会引绣眼鸟的警戒反应(发出警戒叫声),停止回放警戒叫声,警戒反应也不会增强;其次,不论在野外还是鸟舍内,通讯叫声的频率不会因为植被密度的改变而改变;再次,在鸟舍中,被分成小群的鸟不会通过增加个体的叫声频率来维持鸟群整体叫声频率,且这与觅食无明显联系。相反的,通讯叫声的频率与鸟群的社群关系有关:在野外,鸟群中心的个体活动会对群体的通讯叫声产生影响,鸟舍内,当有社群从属关系的个体的被放置于同一鸟舍时,其叫声频率会发生变化。.实验的第二阶段,我们提出了另一个问题:在混合鸟群中,领导种的通讯叫声是否会被跟随种所使用?而且为了验证动物混合群中是否存在“领导种困境”(即跟随种受益于领导种,但领导种不受益于跟随种),我们假设跟随种的出现不会对领导种的叫声频率产生影响。但由于实验初期出现了很多问题,因此目前我们转向利用围攻叫声探讨“领导者困境”,假设当领导种发出围攻叫声时,会吸引跟随种加入围攻,从而降低捕食者对领导种的捕食几率。倘若如此,就能证明“领导者困境”并非对所有动物混合物群适用。. 依托该项目,我们已发表两篇研究性论文和两篇综述论文,目前还有一篇研究性论文在审稿中,还有望在未来发表几篇相关论文。项目培养了六名学生,提高了他们解决的科学问题的能力,并且还促进了国内国际相关研究人员的交流合作。
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数据更新时间:2023-05-31
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