少数民族村寨旅游开发与社会变迁的时空机制研究—以贵州为例

The principal contradictions are poverty and backwardness in Guizhou, and its main task has been accelerating the development. Guizhou gropes after the road of rural tourism development, which is in line with the situation of Guizhou Province and the center of the villages and their communities under the exploration of coordinated development among economic development, ecological environment and cultural heritage protection in the long time. However, the influences and balances are being between tourism development as the driving force and the village social systems，which lead to the spatial and temporal change of different factors on the values, the awareness of villagers and living environment, mode of livelihood, social roles, cultural acculturation and integration, social structure in the increasing process of the amounts and scales of ethnic villages. Above process must be bound to affect the generation and change of the structure and function of the village social system; at the same time, the constantly formatted areas present the new features of spatial-temporal evolution and relations of villagers and living environment. Therefore, through the factors, methods, processes, spatial and temporal characteristics as well as mechanisms of spatial and temporal evolution between tourism development and social change in ethic villages is analyzed to distinguish the sustainability of such changes in order to guide practices better. Taking the example of ethnic villages and its communities in Guizhou，this project use Theory of the Region Formation, Theory of the spatial development, the basic idea of evolutionary economics and creative destruction model, Theory of systems, Theory of social network, Theory of stakeholder, Theory of social exchange, Means of GIS and mathematical statistically analysis to emphasize that such changes have the effect on historic and realistic role of social development of ethnic villages and to reveal quantitatively the process, characteristics, trends and mechanisms of the spatial-temporal evolution of social system of ethnic villages through combining historical and practical issues by Society-Space dialectics.

我国经济社会欠发展的民族村寨，通过发展旅游业，不仅能带动着自身发展经济，而且还能为保护、保障和维护民族地区的民族文化、民族团结和民族稳定产生极大的促进作用。然而，在旅游村寨数量、规模极速扩大，村民社会角度与分工极速转化，以及村寨文化异化、过度商业化、旅游空间极度扩张的实践中，有必要对村寨社会变迁进行可持续发展性判别与研究。项目以贵州少数民族村寨群落为研究地域单元，运用区域形构理论、空间发展理论、演化经济学与创造性破坏模型的基本思想，以GIS空间分析法与数理统计分析为手段，从社会-空间辩证法出发，建立典型村寨群落旅游开发与社会变迁的空间数据库，模拟村寨地域社会系统结构－功能效应演化过程，构建旅游影响系数、旅游影响的生成机制模型、村寨社会变迁的时空演变模型和可持续发展性判别模型，解析村寨旅游开发与社会变迁时空演化的因子、方式、过程、时空特征以及机制，以便更好地指导实践。

贵州民族村寨发展与转型并存，近年来在旅游影响非均衡“干扰”下，旅游与村寨社会系统之间相互影响与制衡，引起村寨社会文化变迁，区域呈现时空演进和人地关系新特征，因此，有必要对其进行科学、持续的判别与研究。项目以贵州3大典型民族村寨群落为研究样地，摒弃传统个案规律总结范式，尝试从“时空压缩”的宏观时空维（社会时空）和2013 -2015年村寨群落微观时空维（物理时空）的两个地理时空出发，抽离出村寨群落旅游影响差异下社会文化时空演进规律。项目拟从变化的视角看变化，以过程-规律-机制-可持续判别的研究主线解破民族旅游村寨社会文化变迁的时空轨迹：解析村寨旅游影响下社会因子、要素时空变迁规律，量化旅游效应之于村寨社会文化变化效度的“解构力”，分析村寨社会文化结构-功能时空演化特性，探析要素渗透中村寨社会文化“人、地、时空”互相牵制的机理，从判别中审视村寨社会文化可持续性。项目构建了旅游影响下村寨群落4维度的社会文化因子变迁监测源，发现西江、肇兴、音寨3个村寨群落分别有86.96%、80.25%、84.42%占比的社会文化因子在旅游影响下产生宏观时空维变化，其中物质文化因子的变化更为剧烈。由因子达及要素，立足群落社会文化“时空压缩”的宏观维，揭示出西江群落社会文化变迁呈核心-过渡-边缘演替的“线性时空”特征，肇兴、音寨群落社会文化变迁分别呈现“断崖式”的“分离时空”特征和“据点式”的“破碎时空”特征。关注旅游效应与社会文化变迁效度的耦合，构建“效应刺激-效度反应”的弹性“解构力”测算函数模型，量化出单位旅游变量分别给予西江、肇兴群落社会文化1.34倍、0.19倍的效度反应，其中，西江核心区村寨弹性“解构力”高达7.08倍。回归人地关系，透视“人、地、时空”，立足人对地的文化依恋，揭示出旅游作为村寨发展的现代动力是导致其社会文化因子、要素、结构-功能时空分离与脱域的主要诱因。“人”对村寨凝视形成的“他者性”社会关系和“地”的“工具理性”共同驱使村寨由生活场域逐渐转向旅游场域，强、弱不均的权利关系重构聚落差异化的资本空间，“场力结构”工具性下资本-权利“撕扯”的方向与力度使得村寨群落社会文化呈现时空差异的演替规律。旅游影响下的村寨群落社会文化变迁不可规避，多重正、负向交错的博弈效应不会简单地动摇、瓦解村寨社会文化的根基，基于本研究作出的这一判断，民族村寨社会文化可持续性研究才更有意义。