特殊环境下橡胶材料非稳态摩擦学研究

In the field of equipments used in deepwater oil-gas development and subsea pipeline laying, the frictional force between the elastic blocks of heavy tension equipment and the pipe, which is controlled precisely, is used to avoid significant safety accidents such as buckling and fracture of the laying pipes and dragging of the pipe-laying ships. Due to influencing factors such as the material performance of the elastic block, the sea wave and seawater corrosion, pipe-laying process is a unsteady tribological problems of rubber, which is in a working condition of real movement continuously adjusted. Therefore, the main content of the project includes the following parts: designing and manufacturing a unsteady friction tester of rubber material; researching unsteady rubber tribology characteristics, which is in different working conditions, different service conditions (dry friction/sea/thin ice, etc.), to provide theoretical guidance in the design and manipulation of deepwater pipe-laying ship; researching the unsteady friction changing rules affected by types and performance of rubber in the condition of all-weather service in order to select and develop high performance and high adaptability elastic rubber pad material; researching the unsteady friction changing rules affected by Rubber material corrosion behavior to optimize the selection of rubber material with stable corrosion-resisting performance; eventually forming tribological design method of tensioner and building friction model of unsteady rubber friction, which is used for precise, all-weather and integrated control of the laying tensioner, meanwhile, laying the foundation of the development of a home-produced deepwater laying tensioner with high performance, which works safely and reliably in all-weather service.

在深水油气开发与海底管道铺设装备方面，通过张紧器弹性垫块与管道之间摩擦副的摩擦力精确控制来避免被铺设管线屈曲、断裂及铺管船走锚等重大安全事故，由于受弹性垫块材料性能、海浪波动、海水腐蚀等因素影响，所以张紧器铺管过程是一种真实运动工况不断调节的橡胶材料非稳态摩擦学问题。本项目的主要内容：建立橡胶材料非稳态摩擦试验台；研究不同服役条件下(干摩擦/海水/薄冰层存在等)、不同工况橡胶材料非稳态摩擦学特性，为深水铺管船张紧器的设计、操控提供理论指导；研究全天候服役条件下的不同种类、不同性能橡胶材料对其非稳态摩擦影响规律，用于选取和研制高性能、高适应性的弹性垫块橡胶材料；研究橡胶材料腐蚀行为对其非稳态摩擦影响，优选耐腐蚀的性能稳定的橡胶材料；最后形成张紧器的摩擦学设计方法，建立橡胶材料非稳态摩擦模型，用于张紧器的全天候一体化精确控制，为研制安全可靠、全天候服役、高性能的国产化深水铺管张紧器奠定基础。

针对橡胶-管道接触的摩擦学问题，本项目开展了一系列研究，主要研究内容有：研制了张紧器橡胶材料静摩擦接触试验台和橡胶摩擦原位观测装置；研究不同服役条件下(干摩擦、海水、薄冰层存在等)、不同工况橡胶材料非稳态摩擦学特性，将海水介质存在环境条件细分为中央润滑条件、接触区前端润滑条件以及接触区后端润滑条件3种典型情况，将薄冰介质存在环境条件划分为薄冰层完全覆盖接触区、冰珠位于接触区前端、冰珠位于接触区前部以及冰珠位于接触区后部4种典型模式。此外，对张紧器铺管过程中橡胶-管壁接触系统的载荷条件进行分析，建立了张紧器橡胶材料与管壁间的静摩擦接触模型，为深水铺管船张紧器的设计、操控提供理论指导；研究全天候服役条件下的不同种类、不同性能橡胶材料对其非稳态摩擦影响规律，以丁腈橡胶为对象，分别研究了缠结网络、交联网络和填料网络对丁腈橡胶磨损行为的影响及其磨损机理，用于选取和研制高性能、高适应性的弹性垫块橡胶材料。研究了在海水润滑条件下橡胶材料的滑动摩擦磨损特性，研究橡胶材料腐蚀行为对其非稳态摩擦影响，优选耐腐蚀的性能稳定的橡胶材料；研究了张紧器用橡胶材料在不同载荷、不同位移幅值下的微动摩擦学特性，得到其微动摩擦机理。分析橡胶-管道界面接触特性及其影响机制对于控制界面接触行为，增强结构稳定性、提高装备的可靠性及安全性都具有重要的现实意义。