基于光栅Talbot效应相位恢复的光学镜面面形检测技术研究

With the rapid development of astronomy, the needs of various astronomical telescopes have been growing continuously, and the technique of optical testing meets many challenges, such as large amount of testing, difficult surface, large apertures, different situations and so on. However, there is no a detection method that is able to accomplish all detection missions under different situations with various demands, and the surface detection of most large diameter optical mirrors is a combination of different approaches. The dominant way based on the interference has the shortcomings of poor environmental adaptability and expensive costs. To solve these problems, this project proposes an approach of phase retrieval based on the Talbot effect of gratings for high resolution optical testing. This project is aimed to present a novel phase retrieval technique for achieving the test of surfaces with large amount of number, larger apertures, and high-order coefficients. This phase retrieval method based the application of the Talbot effect of grating is simple, low cost, and can provide theoretical basis and technical support for online and remote optical testing for the manufacture of grounded and space astronomical telescopes with large apertures.

随着天文事业的蓬勃发展，天文望远镜需求的不断增加，面形检测技术面临着检测量大、面形复杂、口径大、不同检验场景等多种挑战。目前还没有一种检测方法能够同时胜任这些挑战，很多大口径镜面的面形检测更是综合了多种检测方法，主流的干涉检测方法面临着环境适应性不强、成本昂贵等问题。针对这些问题，本项目提出利用光栅的Talbot效应实现光学相位的高精度恢复，旨在探索和研究一种新的相位恢复技术，能够实现大批量、大口径、复杂面型镜面的快速检测，并基于此建立一套完整的基于相位恢复技术的波前像差检测系统。该技术结构简单、成本低，能够为我国大口径地基天文光学望远镜的制造提供一种新的在位面形检测手段，为未来我国空间望远镜的远程在线装调提供理论基础和技术储备。

光学镜面面形检测技术是天文望远镜研制的关键技术之一，其主要途径通过测量镜面反射光场相位实现。目前，主流的面形检测技术主要是干涉检验法，而基于干涉检验法的面形检测技术临着成本高、环境适应能量不强等诸多问题。针对这些问题，本项目围绕光场相位的测量和重建展开研究，探索实践了多种光场波前测量技术。本项目的研究内容包括：基于Talbot效应的相位恢复技术；基于离焦夏克-哈特曼波前传感器的定量相位成像技术；基于计算光学波前传感的扩展物体波前传感器技术。本项目的研究丰富了波前检测测量技术，极大地拓展了波前检测的应用领域，为波前检测和自适应光学技术的拓展应用提供了研究基础和依据。