水库水温冰情的二维嵌套模型研究

The ice condition of reservoir has a major influence on the ecological environment of reservoir area and the safety of the hydraulic structure. However, the mechanism of water temperature and ice condition which is influencing by the effect of dynamics and thermodynamics is complicated, which makes the numerical simulation more difficult. Through the combination of model experiment, prototype measurement and numerical simulation, the type "T" nested model of two-dimensional vertical water temperature and two-dimensional ice condition is established. By means of forced convection heat transfer test on the condition of turbulent boundary layer, the calculation method of ice-water heat exchange applying to low flow condition in the reservoir is set up. At the same time, through the continuous survey of the development of ice condition, water temperature and process of meteorological phenomena in different areas, the longitudinal and lateral distribution of water temperature and ice conditon for the reservoirs in cold regions is learned. Based on the model of two-dimensional vertical water temperature model, coupled with two-dimensional ice conditon model, the water temperature-ice condition prediction model in cold areas is founded finally. Not only does the result have important academic significance for the development of the reservoir ice forecast theory, but also provides important technical support for the design, operation and management of reservoir and the protection of the ecological environment.

水库冰情对库区生态环境和水工建筑物安全有着重要的影响，而动力-热力学共同影响下的库区水温冰情机理过程较为复杂，给数值模拟工作带来较大难度。本项目通过室内试验、原型观测与数值模拟相结合的技术路线，建立水库立面二维水温与平面二维冰情的"T型"嵌套数学模型。通过室内开展强制对流换热试验，建立适用水库低流速条件下的冰水热交换的计算方法。通过连续监测水库不同水域的冰情、水温过程，掌握寒区水库纵、横向水温分布及冰情平面发展规律。在立面二维的水温模型基础上，耦合平面二维冰情模型，引入水内冰、冰力学的计算模式，以室内试验成果率定模型参数，以原型观测成果验证模型，建立寒冷地区水库水温冰情的二维嵌套计算模型。本成果对水库冰情预报理论的发展具有重要的学术意义，也为水库设计运行与管理、生态环境保护提供重要的技术支撑。

随着国家水资源开发格局的变化，高寒地区冰凌研究逐渐引起重视。本项目主要采用室内试验和数学模型相结合的方法开展了寒区水库热力-动力学演变规律方面的研究，主要体现在：（1）基于动水冰盖消融的强制对流实验，建立了低流速条件下0.008m/s~0.11m/s的冰水热交换系数计算模式；（2）引入了遥感卫片识别冰情方法，以丰满水库为例，揭示了热力型大型水库冬季不同水域结冰和解冻规律；（3）对万家寨水库库区和库尾冰凌过程进行了现场观测，获取了河道型动力型水库的冰凌演变规律；（4）针对不同类型水库热力和动力特性，分别研发了水库立面二维冰水热力学和平面二维冰水热力-动力学数学模型，能够模拟不同类型水库的冰水热力-动力过程，并采用丰满、万家寨实测资料对模型进行了验证。课题研究成果不仅有助于丰富我国寒冷地区水库冰情热力和动力学理论，而且对寒冷地区水资源利用与调配、工程设计与运行管理以及凌害防治方面可提供重要的技术支撑。