线索感知与视觉注意转移的时序交互机制的研究

At any one moment, people only can attend to a small part of the world for their limited processing resources. Therefore, it is highly beneficial for the human cognitive system to be able to select pertinent input for further processing. Orienting of attention refers to the alignment of some internal mechanisms with an external sensory input source, which makes people preferentially process that input. Such ability enables us to detect and respond quickly to potential danger or relevant events. Previous studies have found that attention orienting is influenced by the orienting processes of previous views. Such sequential mechanisms are important because it may reveal some temporal characteristics of attention orienting in humans and help to understand the human attention systems. Some of the previous studies have found that sequence effects of covert attention orienting happen in a reflexive way (e.g., Todd and Pratt, 2007; Qian, Shinomori, and Song, 2012). These studies have clamed that the sequential processes of attention orienting are based on some kind of automatic memory check and are not influenced by the voluntary control of observers. However, a contradictive hypothesis was proposed (e.g., Jongen and Smulders, 2006) and it explained the sequence effects as momentary strategical adjustments. Until now, it is still not clear whether the sequence effects of attention orienting are automatic or not. Therefore, it is highly beneficial for current plan to investigate the influence of important experimental factors, such as temporal and spatial factors, identity of cue stimuli, and task demands. Furthermore, previous studies only focused on the covert attention orienting, i.e., the attention mechanisms without eye movements. Whether the sequence effect of attention orienting can be found at the oculomotor level is still unknown. Based on a series of experiments, this plan intends to uncover the sequential mechanisms of attention orienting

视觉注意机制是人脑认知过程中的重要组成部分。注意的转移是指注意机制中帮助我们选取具有重要意义的外界信息的处理过程。近年的研究表明，视觉注意转移机制在时间上体现出连续的特征，即过去时间点的注意转移状态会对当前注意转移的处理过程产生影响。现阶段对于视觉注意转移的这一时序效应的研究还处于摸索阶段, 各种实验因素影响下时序效应的变化也还不明确,这就导致无法准确的提出针对这一现象的假说。本项目将采用改进的Posner视-空间线索提示范式，针对符号线索所引起的注意转移时序效应进行一系列的研究，主要内容包括四个, 第一是辨明影响时序效应强弱的时间和空间因素, 第二是研究线索刺激的身份对时序效应的影响, 第三是探索主动意识控制和实验任务对时序效应的影响, 第四是在眼动层次对注意转移的时序效应进行测量。最终目标是提出更具体和更符合人脑注意控制机制的假说, 揭示人脑视觉注意随视觉线索转移的内在机制和认知原理。

视觉注意转移是指注意机制中帮助我们选取具有重要意义的外界信息的处理过程。本研究主要针对视觉注意转移中的线索提示效应和时序效应进行了一系列的研究。结果发现，（1）线索刺激和目标刺激的空间组合会对时序效应产生显著影响，说明时序效应的产生源于对刺激属性的自动集成处理。（2）在混合呈现不同线索类型的实验中，视线线索引起了比箭头线索更强的线索提示效应，反映了视线线索在引起视觉注意转移过程中的特殊性。（3）视线线索与箭头线索都能够引起显著的时序效应，并且效应大小没有显著区别。（4）被试的主动意识控制对时序效应的强弱没有显著影响，而实验任务对时序效应产生显著影响。（5）线索刺激的空间一致性在符号线索所引起的时序效应中起到了重要但非必须的作用。总体来说，本研究的发现表明线索提示范式中的时序效应是在视觉注意转移过程中普遍存在的注意现象，其受到实验任务和线索刺激特征等的显著影响，其产生源于认知系统对实验刺激和任务在前后测试之间的自动处理机制，而非被试的主观意识控制。