贵州喀斯特地区洞穴鱼类物种多样性及其在极端环境下的适应演化

All cavefish of China is endemic, with the highest species diversity in the world. Due to the disturbance by human activities, most of cavefish is being endangered. The knowledge on the biodiversity of Chinese cavefish is far behind the protection needs. And Guizhou Province remains the weakest piece in the big picture of species diversity of Chinese cavefish. Therefore, aiming at cavefish distributed in the karst region of Guizhou, China, this study will be carried on from different aspects including taxonomy, fauna, distribution, adaptation, evolution, zoogeography and conservation in next four years. Based on the field survey, we are planning to find and describe some unknown cavefish. Meantime, the taxonomic problems and errors problems will be reviewed and revised. Methods of molecular phylogeny will be applied for some "bizarre" species groups to construct the evolutionary tree. Combined with our previous work, we are going to discuss the evolution, adaptive radiation and zoogeography of cavefish in depth. Moreover, the threatening factors will be analyzed so that we can bring up suggestions for the protection. To boost the development of research on Chinese cavefish, this project will also focus on the morphological differentiations among the troglobite (typical) and troglophile (atypical) cavefish due to the adaptation to the dark environment in the cave. Olfactory organ and the horn-like structure on the nape will be observed with the aid of some advanced technical means such as micro-CT and three dimension reconstruction, so that we can well understand the evolutionary direction of these characters and the relationships of morphology, function and environment. The morphological study is a key to link the traditional research and Evo-Devo based on the molecular analysis for the cavefish. The morphological research, especially on those specialized characters for the extreme environment, and some new technologies involved are the distinguishing features of this project. Applicant has solid deep professional knowledge and abundant data collected by the previous work. With excellent research conditions, this project will be accomplished for the completion of jigsaw puzzle made by Chinese cavefish.

中国洞穴鱼类全部为中国特有，且数量在世界上遥遥领先，受人类活动的影响，多数洞穴鱼类目前都处于濒危状态。而我们对中国洞穴鱼类多样性尚缺乏全面、准确的认识，贵州则是其中研究基础最为薄弱的地区。研究选择贵州喀斯特地区分布的洞穴鱼类，从分类、多样性、分布、适应演化、动物地理、多样性保护等方面全面整理和总结。发现并描述一批未知物种；对已知物种进行分类厘订。采用分子系统学的研究手段，分析特定类群的系统发育关系，进一步探讨洞穴鱼类的演化、适应辐射以及相关动物地理学问题。分析致危因素，提出相应保护对策。为推动中国洞穴鱼类研究走向纵深，围绕洞穴鱼类对极端黑暗环境的形态适应，尝试显微CT、三维重建等技术手段，探讨洞穴鱼类重要特化器官如嗅囊、"头角"等的演化趋向，了解形态-功能-环境之间的相互关系。申请者有充分的前期工作基础，研究条件也完全满足项目开展需要，本项研究将会补全中国洞穴鱼类多样性拼图。

本项目在大量野外工作和实验分析的基础上，从区系分类、分布、适应演化、分子系统学、动物地理、多样性保护等方面对贵州分布的洞穴鱼类进行了系统整理和总结，全部完成了预期的研究目标。研究结果主要体现在以下几个方面：（1）对贵州洞穴鱼类物种多样性进行了全面整理，截至2018年底，贵州洞穴鱼类有效种共有22种，隶属于1目2科6属，其中8种属于典型洞穴鱼类，14种为非典型洞穴鱼类；这些洞穴鱼类全部为中国特有种，其中有3种被列入红色名录。我们同时对所有物种的确切分布进行了梳理。（2）已正式建立洞穴鱼类2新属，同时发现一批洞穴鱼类新物种，包括金线鲃属2新种、洞鳅属3新种、高原鳅属2新种，正在逐一描述和发表过程中。（3）我们对所有贵州洞穴鱼类的分类问题都进行了逐一梳理，厘清了过去存在的一些分类学问题，并对驼背金线鲃（Sinocyclocheilus cyphotergous）进行重新描述、指定新模。我们还对9种存在分类学问题的物种进行了更正，占到整个贵州洞穴鱼类的36%。（4）利用线粒体全基因组对金线鲃属鱼类构建了系统发生树，表明金线鲃属共有5个主要支系，即季系、驼背系、小眼系、角系和抚仙系，与过去研究相比，新增了小眼系；此外还重点对金线鲃属角类群的种间关系进行深入研究，探讨了相关的动物地理学问题，并分析阐释了物种隔离分化和适应辐射的机制。（5）利用扫描电镜（SEM）、显微CT等技术手段，从不同分辨层次、不同空间维度，对洞穴鱼类重要适应性器官（如头角结构、嗅觉器官、侧线系统等）进行了比较形态学研究，分析适应性特化特征的演化趋向。（6）对一批洞穴鱼类的生物学进行了研究，为今后洞穴鱼类的保护提供科学支撑。. 基于本项目的研究，已正式或在线发表SCI期刊论文6篇（均有标注）、专著1部（有标注）、英文著作章节1篇、已接受英文著作章节4篇（分别于2部专著中，即将出版）；参加国际会议7次（均做报告，其中2次为大会报告）、参加国际学术交流至少6次（其中3次做报告）；培养研究生或博士后共7人次，其中已通过硕士答辩的3人，博士后1人；正在进行学位研究的硕士生2人，博士1人；积极参与科普宣传工作，发表科普文章2篇、科普讲座5次，研究工作至少被国内外3家不同媒体加以报道。