家庭社会经济地位与儿童早期发展：影响干预机制研究

Early childhood is the critical and sensitive period in life cycle. Children living in the poor families are more likely to suffer from developmental delays, and experience the intergenerational transmission of poverty and thus deepen social inequalities. Therefore, promoting early childhood development is not only an effective means to break intergenerational transmission of poverty and change social inequality, but also proved to be one of the most cost-effective anti-poverty strategies. This project focuses on the early childhood period, and highlights the influence of the family socio-economic status (SES) on children’s early development as well as its influencing and intervention mechanisms. Under the background of national anti-poverty strategy, it is of great significance to highlight the development of poor children. Theoretically, this project will systematically investigate the relationship between family background and early childhood development, and analyze the effect of important mediating factors including parental rearing styles and the inputs of family resources on children’s development. In practice, it is helpful to find out the key factors of developmental problems faced by children in early period, and to make clear the intervention mechanism and strategies that will improve children’s early development. The findings of this project will be helpful to address the developmental problems faced by early children, and it also helps to realize the strategic goals of alleviating poverty nationally and the policy goal of ‘No one child shall fall behind’.

儿童早期是生命发展的关键期和敏感期，家庭贫困的儿童更容易出现发展迟滞问题，形成贫困代际传递，加固社会不平等。因而，促进儿童早期发展不仅是打破贫困代际传递和改善社会不平等的有效手段，也被证实是最具有成本效益的反贫困策略之一。本项目以儿童早期发展问题作为研究切入点，重点关注家庭社会经济地位对儿童早期发展现状的影响效应、影响路径和干预机制。在精准扶贫背景下，关注贫困儿童的发展问题具有重要意义。理论上，本项目将全面系统地考察家庭背景与儿童早期发展之间的关系，综合分析包括父母养育方式和家庭资源投入在内的重要中介因素对儿童发展的影响效应。实践上，有助于揭示儿童早期发展所面临的突出问题的关键性影响因素，明确有效提升儿童早期发展的干预机制和策略。本项目的研究结论有助于提炼有效解决贫困儿童早期发展问题的解决途径，对于实现我国精准扶贫的战略目标和“一个儿童不落下”的政策目标有较强的实践意义。

本项目以儿童发展包括认知发展程度、身体健康和心理健康程度作为研究切入点，重点关注家庭社会经济地位对儿童早期发展现状的影响效应、影响路径和干预机制，并综合分析包括父母养育方式等中介因素对儿童发展的影响效应。首先，儿童认知发展以教育结果为例，家庭社会经济地位中相较于家庭收入和父母职业层次两个指标，父母的教育层次对儿童教育结果的影响更为显著，父母养育方式和儿童自身的学习态度也发挥显著的中介作用。其次，儿童心理健康以情绪福祉为例，家庭社会经济地位中家庭收入对儿童情绪福祉有显著影响，高收入有助于减少儿童焦虑、无助、无意义等消极情绪。另外收入与父母的情绪福祉水平显著相关，父母的生活满意度在其中发挥重要的中介作用。父母情绪福祉也显著影响到儿童的情绪福祉。另外，儿童身体健康为例，家庭社会经济地位中父母健康和物质条件对儿童健康产生重要影响，其次对儿童健康影响的指标是父母教育和家庭收入。父母缺位及母亲缺位的家庭中，儿童幸福指数更低，且学业成就更差。因此，父母能够为儿童提供照顾和监护对儿童身心健康成长有利，反之则有害。另外，研究也使用文献分析软件系统分析了国内外儿童发展研究进展，儿童发展账户和儿童照顾等社会政策对儿童发展的影响效应。